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- What Is a Panchang? The Five Limbs of the Hindu Calendar A Panchang is the traditional Hindu almanac built on five limbs — tithi, vara, nakshatra, yoga and karana — calculated for a specific place and day.
- Ayanamsa: Why Panchangs Differ by a Few Minutes Ayanamsa is the gap between the tropical and sidereal zodiacs, growing by about 50.3 arc-seconds a year. Differences in ayanamsa, sunrise definition, location and conventions explain why two Panchangs can disagree by a few minutes.
- Adhik Maas and Kshaya Maas: Keeping the Lunar Calendar in Step An Adhik (extra) month occurs when the Sun does not change sign between two new moons; a Kshaya (omitted) month, which is very rare, occurs when it changes sign twice. Together they keep lunar months aligned with the seasons.
- Yoga and Karana: The Fourth and Fifth Limbs Yoga comes from the combined sidereal longitudes of the Sun and Moon; karana is half a tithi. Together they complete the five limbs of the Panchang.
- Bhadra (Vishti Karana): What It Is and Why It Matters Bhadra is the Vishti karana, one of the half-tithi units of the Panchang. It recurs about eight times a lunar month, and tradition locates it in one of three lokas depending on the Moon’s sign.
- How the Diwali Date Is Decided Diwali Lakshmi Puja is set by Amavasya during Pradosh. Here is the rule used when Amavasya spans two evenings, and why Panchangs sometimes differ.
- Nakshatra: The 27 Lunar Mansions Nakshatras are 27 equal divisions of the sidereal zodiac, each 13°20′ wide. The nakshatra of the day is the one the Moon occupies.
- Tithi: The Lunar Day Explained A tithi is the time the Moon takes to gain 12° on the Sun. Thirty tithis form a lunar month, split into the bright and dark fortnights.
- Vivah Muhurat: How Wedding Dates Are Chosen The eleven vivah nakshatras, the periods traditionally avoided for weddings, and why wedding-date lists differ between Panchangs.